ETHICAL DECISION Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ETHICAL DECISION - Research Paper Example I append below my views on the matter: A. Three possible decision alternatives to address the problem regarding the whistles: 1. Withdraw the entire consignment of the order and arrange to have cancellation of the order. If any advance payment has been made, to arrange to have it refunded to the customer. 2. Let the consignment go as it is upon the assumption that just a few whistles have been carrying the high lead content and the others are quite safe for children’s use. 3. Further carry randomized checks on lead content of the whistles contained in the consignment and bifurcate the passable whistles vis-a-vis the reject able ones. Make a fresh consignment containing only the Quality Check (QC) passed whistles. Thus, the three alternatives and their explanations before the company in the wake of this contingency are as follows: (A) Arrange for total withdrawal of the tainted consignment and arrange for cancellation of the order and refund of the money if paid by the buyer. . .. However the reputation and goodwill of the company in terms of ethical and moral values is intact and no legal action would ensue since the consignment has been called back. The main advantages of this alternative would be that the company would not lose face or face lawsuits for supplying toxic whistles. The disadvantage would be the loss of the entire shipment and losses of $100,000 (b) The second alternative would be to allow the consignment to go on as though nothing has happened, and presume that the toxicity would be minor and negligible confined to just a few odd whistles, which would have been there, anyway, considering the bulk of the shipment. Sometimes, companies need to take such risks, in the greater interests of business and in order to circumvent economic losses, or lowered profits. It is quite possible that these may be few in numbers and not create a major issue with customers. The main advantage is that economic losses would be avoided but the disadvantages would st em from probable lawsuits and loss of business reputation. In the event the Government institutes an inquiry to alleged high toxic levels in toys, the company would be in real trouble. The ethical aspects are also heavily compromised since the company is taking a calculated risk that its products would be accepted without further inspection by health authorities. (c) The third alternative seems to be the most sensible and rational under the circumstances, that is, once again, carry out thorough checks on lead content of the whistles contained in the consignment and separate the Quality Checked whistles vis-a-vis the rejectable ones. Make a fresh consignment containing only the Quality

Determine how our society decides gender and what elements you believe Research Paper

Determine how our society decides gender and what elements you believe are the most influential in this construction - Research Paper Example er couple from Jayme Poisson’s article â€Å"Parents Keep Child’s Gender Secret† consider a social gender as a stereotypic and tyrannical issue, scholars of social science, particularly Thomas D. Steensma in â€Å"Gender Identity Development in Adolescence† and Curt Hoffman and Nancy Hurst in â€Å"Gender Stereotypes: Perception and Rationalization?† are looking for a scientific explanation of a social gender prejudice. Gender firstly should be given a correct definition, and Steensma describes gender in â€Å"Gender Identity Development in Adolescence† as a very complex issue. It’s different from sex, because sex is an inborn biological characteristic which usually matches with genitals differentiation, while gender can be revealed during life (Steensma 289). Gender constitutes of biological inborn characteristic and gender identity, which is a personal revelation of gender, and of a gender role, which is determined by social expectations on males and females (different behavior, social roles and different personal characteristics are expected) (Steensma 291). Thus, gender depends on biological (hormones, chromosomes and genitals) and psycho-sociological (nurturing) factors. It doesn’t seem possible to reveal gender without social interference in a process. Society affects a gender identity by imposing different natures of male and female nurturing: parents and a social environment both tend to raise male and female children with a view of their future social roles (Hoffman & Hurst 197). A nurturing starts early, already from a new born period, and society behaves differently towards babies of different sex, starting from a lexicon used when talking about a baby to different toys and activities imposing. It seems important for society to define gender from the very first days of life. Witterink and Stocker who raise a transgender child admits, â€Å"When baby comes out even the people who love you and are close to you firstly ask if it’s a boy or a girl†

Analysis Of Phytochemical Constituents Of Syzygium Aromaticum Biology Essay

Analysis Of Phytochemical Constituents Of Syzygium Aromaticum Biology Essay Alternative method to drug discovery is likely through the medicinal plants and greater parts of the people have assurance in traditional medicine, particularly plant drugs for their initial healthcare. Recently, responsiveness has been paid in public to consume eco-friendly and bio-friendly plant-based products for the prevention and cure of distinctive human diseases. Several number of people looking for medicine and health approaches which excuse side effects caused by synthetic chemicals (Remington, 1995). Herbal drugs are having less considerable side effects than the other classes of synthetic drugs and most of the medicinal uses of plants seem to have been developed by trial and error and by interpretation of wild animals. Herbs had been utilized by all cultures all the way through history. Ancients observed and respected the great variety of plants available to him. The plants afford a number of basic essentials in human day to day life such as food, clothing, shelter and medicine etc, and as time went on, every tribe supplements the medicinal power of herbs in their area to its awareness base. It was a primary part of the development of modern civilization and In fact, well into the 20th century to a remarkable scope of the pharmacopoeia of scientific medicine was ensuring from the herbal knowledge of native peoples. They gathered information accurately on herbs and developed well described herbal pharmacopoeias. Pharmacopoeia includes at least 25% drugs ensuring from plants and r ests of other are synthetic analogues developed on model compounds isolated from plants. Today several drugs are commonly used basically derived from herbal origin. In fact, in the United States about 25% of the prescription drugs dispensed contain at least one active ingredient derived from plant material in which some are made from plant extracts and rest are synthesized to imitate a natural plant compound. At present there are a number of plant materials belong to different family have been used in the treatment of a variety of diseases like bacterial, fungal and dermatophytic infections (Rajshekharan, 2002). Herbal medicine is extensively practiced from ancient period all over the world. These medicines are safe as well as eco-friendly and bio-friendly. According to WHO, about 80% of the worlds population relies on traditional medicine for their primary health care and medicinal plant division has usually an important position in the religious, socio cultural and medicinal arena of rural and tribal lives of millions of rural households use medicinal plants in a self-help mode (Remington, 1995). The Greater part of the traditional plant based remedies is back in use and finds the right application. Direct sources of therapeutic agent A model for new synthetic compound A lead molecule for the discovery of new drug. PHYTOTHERAPY To outline the history of Phytotherapy is to outline the history of humanity itself. The discovery of medicinal properties of certified plants must have sprung from nature. Ancient peoples first use plants as food and, as results of this ingestion, the link with some plant property would have been learned. Medicinal plants were the main source of products used to maintained health until the nineteenth century, when the German chemist Freiedrich Wohler in 1828, try to prepare ammonium cynate from silver cyanide and ammonium chloride, by mistake synthesized urea. This was considered as the first organic synthesis in history and signed the era of the synthetic compounds (Ahmad, 2006). A multidisciplinary capillary science, research in the phytosciences is more or less unlimited, which composes it impossible to talk about all aspects of this up-and-coming science in just one chapter. Consequently, we have paying attention here chiefly on the antibacterial activity of bioactive phytocompounds, conversing their use against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and fungi, their mechanisms of action, and their interactions with macromolecules and possible for toxicity in mammalian cells. Technical features concerning the advancement of fast and consistent methods of extraction, high output screening systems, and bioautography of essential oils and crude extracts and divisions have also been discussed. Problems associated to the efficacy, stability, drug delivery systems and quality control are also analyzed (Ahmad, 2006). HISTORY OF PHYTOTHERAPY During the 100 years of Wohlers discovery Phytomedicine was forgotten by western science and in the early 1980s, though, there was a reappearance of attention in the use of natural substances commonly known today as bioactive phytocompounds. This interest can be simply understood in the light of questions relating to the safety, cytotoxicity, and side-effects of synthetic compounds, and the essential to find new medicines, comprising new antibiotics to supervise infectious diseases caused by multiresistant pathogens and substances to treat chronic diseases (Heinrich, 2004). Today, the use of medicinal plants and their bioactive phytocompounds and our scientific knowledge about them consist of the modern field of the phytosciences. This is a science fashioned from the combination of a range of disciplines that have never been linked before, combining several different areas of economic, social, and political fields, chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, microbiology, medicine, and agriculture (Schulz, 2004). The phytosciences are distinctive from the other biomedical sciences in that as a substitute of testing a hypothesis, researchers evaluate to find out whether plants generally used in traditional medicine bring benefits for health and, if so, what are their mechanisms of action. Although the common conviction that bioactive phytocompounds are safe, they have natural risks just like all active chemical compounds. Researchers within the phytosciences are working to illuminate the side-effects, calculate proper dosages, isolate the bioactive compounds, and define the superlative methods of extraction and conservation. As well these, legal aspects concerning the prescription and trade in medicinal plants are a matter of discuss all around the world (Heinrich, 2004). As a multidisciplinary science the research in this field is virtually unlimited, this makes it impractical to converse all the aspects of this promising science in just one chapter. So, this review discusses the antimicrobial activity of bioactive phytocompounds, particularly their use against multidrug-resistant bacteria and fungi, their mechanisms of action, and their interactions with macromolecules and potential toxicity for mammalian cells. It also discusses technical aspects concerning the development of fast and consistent methods of extraction, high output screening systems and bioautography of essential oils and crude extracts and fractions. Problems associated to efficacy, stability, drug delivery systems and quality control will also be discussed (Schulz, 2004). SCREENING OF CRUDE PLANT EXTRACTS: NEW CHALLENGES Medicinal plants have fashioned the establishment of health care all over the world as the early days of humanity and are yet now widely used and have considerable value in international trade. Recognition of their economic, pharmaceutical and clinical value is still rising, although this difference is comprehensively between countries. Plants are essential for pharmacological research and drug development, not only when bioactive phytocompounds are used promptly as therapeutic agents, but also as preliminary materials for the synthesis of drugs or as models for pharmacologically active compounds. Regulation of their misuse is therefore essential to ensure their availability for the future (Heinrich, 2004). Plant preparations have a very special characteristic that differentiates them from chemical drugs. A single plant may enclose a number of bioactive phytocompounds and a combination of plants even more .This difficulty is one of the major significant challenges to phytoscientists attempting to recognize a single bioactive phytocompounds or chemical group in the massive universe that encompass a single crude extract (Heinrich, 2004). Biotechnology in the 1970s and 1980s made incredible progress and accompanied in a new era for the pharmaceutical industry. Many enzymes and receptor proteins of therapeutic interest were made existing in great quantities by recombinant expression, although signal transduction pathways could be interrogated by reported gene carrying cellular constructs. Such mechanism-based invitro assays are agreeable to significant scales of operations, and the concept of high-throughput screening rapidly became the standard for lead discovery (Heinrich, 2004). PROCESS STANDARDIZATION OF BIOACTIVE PHYTOCOMPOUNDS HAVING ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY Different methods to drug discovery using higher plants can be discriminated: Random selection followed by chemical screening; random selection followed by one or more biological assays; biological activity reports and ethno medical use of plants. The second approach comprises of plants used in traditional medical systems; herbalism, folklore, and shamanism; and the use of databases. The purpose is the targeted isolation of bioactive phytocompounds and once an active extract has been identified, the first to be taken is the identification of the bioactive phytocompounds, and this can signify either a full identification of bioactive phytocompounds after purification or partial identification to the level of a family of known compounds (Schulz, 2004). For screening selection, plants are collected either randomly or by following leads supplied by local healers in geographical areas where the plants are found. Primary screening of plants for possible antimicrobial activity usually begins by using crude aqueous or alcoholic extractions followed by different organic extraction procedures. Plant material can be used fresh or dried and other signficant plant materials related to antimicrobial activity are the essential oils. Essential oils are complex natural mixtures of volatile secondary metabolites, isolated from plants by hydro or steam distillation and by expression (citrus peel oils). The chief constituents of essential oils (mono and sesquiterpenes), along with a carbohydrates, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, and ketones, are responsible for the fragrant and biological properties of aromatic and medicinal plants (Schulz, 2004). Due to these properties, since ancient times species and herbs have been added to food, not only as flavoring agents but also as preservatives. For centuries essential oils have been isolated from different parts of plants and are also used for related purposes (Blumenthal, 2000). The activities of essential oils cover a broad spectrum and various essential oils produce pharmacological effects, representing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancerogenic properties. Others are biocides against a broad range of organisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, insects, plants and viruses (Heinrich, 2004). Therefore medicinal plants have been used for centuries as therapy for human diseases because they contain therapeutic value components. Recently, the acceptance of traditional medicine as an alternative form of health care and advancement of microbial resistance to existing antibiotics has lead authors to investigate the antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants. Moreover, the increasing use of plant extract in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries recommend that, in order to find active compounds a systematic activity of medicinal plants is significant (Heinrich, 2004). SCOPE The scope of this Research is based on the fact that Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is available easily in anywhere and is cultivated largely. Based on the literature survey as it is showing so many bioactive components and is of medicinal value without side effects, I have selected Clove for my Research work. Clove buds selection Extraction by using Soxhlet Antimicrobial Screening MIC Chemical analysis presence or absence of phytoconstituents Chromatography techniques (GC) Compound Identification. OBJECTIVES To Extract Clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum) using organic solvents. To study the Antimicrobial activity of the extracted solution. To study the chemical analysis of the extracted solution. To identify the components within the extracted solution using Gas Chromatography. REVIEW OF LITERATURE PLANT HISTORY The Clove, a Malucca Islands native, is one of the oldest fruits known to man. The word Clove gets its name from the Latin word nail clavus, as the buds looks like small irregular nails in shape and the word made its way to English via Old French clou. Originally thought to be native to China, Cloves were actually brought to China about 266 B.C. and was one of the first spices to be traded by Arab traders transported to the Romans (Evans, 1996). Taxonomical Classification: Kingdom : plantae-plants Subkingdom : tracheobionata-vascular plants Super division : spermatophyta-seed plants Division : magnoliophyta-flowering plants Class : Magnoliopsida-dicotyledons Sub class : Rosidae Order : Myrtales Family : Myrtaceae-Myrtle family Genus : Syzygium P. Br. Ex Gaertn.-syzygium Species : Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. L.M. Perry clove (Cronquist, 1981). PLANT DESCRIPTION Syzygium aromaticum Linn. Is considered as the Golden current. VERNACULAR NAMES French Clou de girofle Indonesia Cengkeh The Philippines Klabong pako Dutch Kruidnagel German Nelke India Lavang China Ding xiang, etc (Kokate, 2007). BIOLOGICAL SOURCE Cloves are the aromatic dried flower buds of a plant Syzygium aromaticum belonging to family Myrtaceae (Gokhale, 2008). ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION The Clove plant is native from Malucca Islands by itself Bachian, Mutir, Makyan, Ternate and Tidore, where natural clove trees can be found. The Clove buds are said to be one of the oldest fruits known to man and has been cultivated since ancient times. The buds was used in many ways as it is today and was one of the first spices to be traded by Arab traders transported to the Romans. Cloves were actually brought to China about 266 B.C. It has been widely cultivated throughout the Indonesia, Madagascar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India, and Zanzibar and china (Claus, 1965). CULTIVATION Climate and soil Clove is a tropical plant which requires warm humid climate, rich loamy soil and Annual rainfall of about 150-30mm and Altitude-1500m above the sea level. Cool climate with good rainfall is ideal for flowering. And also requires good drainage because crop cant withstand water logging (Murty, and Subramanyam, 1989). Planting and material Seeds collected from fully ripe fruits and soaked in water overnight. Fully developed and uniform sized seeds are used for sowing and the pericarp is removed before sowing (Murty, and Subramanyam, 1989). Nursery rising Nursery beds to be prepared for sowing seeds of about 15-20cm height, 1mt width and convenient length. Made of loose soil-sand mixture over a layer of sand may be spread. Then seeds are sown at 2-3cm spacing and depth of 2cm and allowed for germination about 10-15 days, precaution to be taken for seed beds have to be protected from direct sunlight. The germinated seeds are then transplanted in polybags containing a mixture of soil, sand and decomposed cow dung and these are ready for transplanting after 18-24 months old (De Guzman and Simonsma, 1999). Preparation of land and planting The selection of area for plantations should clear of wild growth before monsoon. The pits of about 75cm 75cm 75cm are dug at a spacing of 6-7mts and are partially filled with compost, green leaf and mixed with top soil. Then followed by transplantation of seedlings in the main field during beginning of the rainy season (De Guzman and Simonsma, 1999). Manuring and fertilizer application Manuring is necessary for proper growth and flowering of the plant and can be done by applying cattle manure and bone meal for one plant in the initial years. This can be increased gradually. Dead and diseased shoots should be removed once or twice a year. Inorganic fertilizer is about 40gm urea, 110gm super phosphate and 80gm murate of potash of fertilizer dose can be usually recommended in the initial stage. This can be increased gradually (De Guzman and Simonsma, 1999). HARVESTING AND YIELD The flowering of the plant can be starts from the fourth year but full bearing stage is attained after 15 to 20 yrs. harvesting is done by the unopened buds when they are plump and rounded and carefully done without damaging the branches. The buds after separation are allowed to dry in the sun. The well dried buds are then processed for packaging (De Guzman and Simonsma, 1999).

Verbal Aggression :: science

Verbal Aggression Verbal aggression is message behavior which attacks a person's self-concept in order to deliver psychological pain.(Infante, 1995) Studies of verbal aggression have focused primarily on children and adolescents in educational and social settings. Very few studies were found to examine verbal aggression in adults in the workplace.(Ebbesen, Duncan, Konecni, 1974) The consequences of verbal aggression in the workplace can lead to social isolation, job related stress, health related problems, as well as problems in career advancement. It therefore should be considered important, for the individual and management, to identify and address the causes of verbal aggression. This program attempts to understand verbal aggression by 1) identifying the various functions of verbal aggression. 2) identifying the antecedent conditions of verbal aggression. 3) Avoiding the antecedent conditions of verbal aggression. Method Subject The subject, Shirley J., is a 49 year old African American female. Shirley J. has several advanced degrees and is employed as a school psychologist in a metropolitan school district. She is married with two adult children. The subject readily agreed that the target behavior, verbal aggression, is a problem as it interferes with her relationships with others. She was enthusiastic in her desire to reduce, if not eliminate, this behavior. It would seem that self-monitoring for verbal aggression and antecedent control would be valuable as it would allow for consistent avoidance of verbal aggression. As a school psychologist the subject was very familiar with the basic principles of applied behavioral analysis and frequently offered programmatic suggestions. A behavioral contract was developed jointly between the therapist and subject. The contract outlined the target behavior, success criteria, and individual responsibilities of the therapist and subject. (see Appendix A) Apparatus A basic checklist was used to document the frequency of verbal aggression on a daily basis. The checklist was designed to track only the occurrence of the behavior. It was felt by the therapist that the content of the verbally aggressive message would be too open for subjective interpretation and that no meaningful data would be gained from such documentation. In addition the subject made frequent comments of significant success or failure in avoiding verbal aggression for discussion with the therapist. The weekly discussions were used to evaluate the appropriateness of the procedures used and make any necessary adjustments to the program. Procedure For the first two weeks of the program no intervention was applied. Given that the subject self-reported that verbal aggression was a problem it was important to determine if the frequency of the behavior merited intervention.

Stephens vs Lincoln

Stephens vs. Lincoln In two very different speeches by Alexander H. Stephens and Abraham Lincoln they both argue their points of view on slavery and the opposing side plus how they would like to have the new government to be run. In the first speech by Stephens he states that the ideas of slavery at the time of the old constitution were wrong and that they rested on the beliefs of equality between the races. He goes on to argue that slavery in the south will have its foundations laid upon the ideas that, as Stephens says. the negro si not equal to the white man; that slavery, subornation to the superior race, is his natural and moral condition. † In contrast, Lincoln describes how each person has a different definition for the word Liberty. One side defines it as meaning that they can do what they please with themselves and the earnings. While the other defines it, as Lincoln says, â€Å"some men do as they please with other men, and the product of their men’s labor. â €  Lincoln identifies the central differences between the north and the south as a misconception of the word Liberty, one side called liberty and the other tyranny.Stephens believes himself, and all whites as being superior to African Americans and that it’s the law of nature for it to be so. Whereas Lincoln says that everyone is equal and that’s Stephens and others like him have destroyed the meaning and significance of the word Liberty. These opposing speeches show the points of view on slavery from the north and the south and how each side takes liberty and changes it around to the advantage of their own purposes.

Plato’s Philosophical Significance (in Regards to Metaphysics, and Ethics Essay

Philosophy spans the reaches of the human mind in countless topics, but is often divided into three main branches: metaphysics, the study of the nature of existence; epistemology, the study of knowledge and truth; and ethics, the study of morals. One of the first philosophers to look at these fields is Plato (427BCE-347BCE), whose writings are incredibly influential. Plato’s work lays the fundament for philosophy because of his cohesive contributions to the fields of metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. Firstly, Plato’s work with Forms greatly influences metaphysics. He contributes the idea of the Forms which exist as â€Å"eternal and perfect ideals that exist in an unchanging, perfect heaven† (via Velasquez, 2002, p. 84). [2] The Forms contrast with worldly matter; this contrast leads to Plato’s next contribution to metaphysics, his concept of â€Å"Two Worlds. † Plato divides reality into the worlds of senses and forms, the latter of which he considers to be true reality and where the soul resides. Finally, Plato’s description of the tripartite human soul greatly influences St. Augustine’s religious work on Christianity 800 years later. Therefore, Plato’s Forms helped shape metaphysics. Secondly, Plato’s Forms and myths built the foundation for epistemology. Plato argues that due to the soul’s unchanging nature, the process of â€Å"learning† is the soul’s recollection of knowledge. He also provides two myths, both closely related to his metaphysical works. In the first, the Chariot Allegory, Plato describes a charioteer en route to heaven, in which there exists â€Å"true reality [the forms] with which real knowledge is concerned † (as cited by Velasquez, p. 84). The journey is impeded by an unruly horse that represents ignobility. The concept of the journey’s difficulty is mirrored, finally, in the Allegory of the Cave, which discusses ignorance and the escape thereof. Thus, Plato’s myths form the basis of epistemology. Finally, Plato’s work in ethics regarding justice is among the first and most influential. Firstly, he defines justice as the balance between the three parts of the tripartite soul. Thus, his justice theory states that justice in both the state and the individual is defined by â€Å"harmony between the various parts for the good of the whole† (Velasquez, 2002, p. 630). This justice theory shows cohesiveness with Plato’s tripartite theory of the soul. Finally, Plato associates justice with merit: individuals are treated proportionally to their talents and accomplishments. Hence, Plato’s philosophies regarding justice form the starting point for the field of ethics. In conclusion, Plato’s writings act as a basis and connection for the three main branches of philosophy: metaphysics, through his Forms; epistemology, through his myths; and ethics, through his justice theory. His influence on philosophy and society is expansive and, as such, Plato is one of the most significant philosophers. That his ideas are still being taught to modern day shows the true nature of philosophy: to pose questions so profound that they cannot be answered 2500 years later.